sources where the publication date is unknown.Some styles cite using footnotes, endnotes, or bracketed numbers that match reference entries.Įach citation style also has specific rules about citing: In-text citations often appear in parentheses, specifying the author’s last name and sometimes (depending on the citation style) a year or page number.
You can check with your instructor or read other papers in your field to see what style they use. Other disciplines, like medicine or engineering, often have their own specific styles. APA is the most common style in the social sciences, while MLA is the most common style in the humanities. The best choice depends on your field and discipline. If no citation style is specified, you need to choose one and use it consistently throughout your paper. Many university departments and academic journals require a specific citation style, so first check the guidelines. That includes things like websites, YouTube videos, dictionaries, lectures, and social media posts. Citing also allows your reader to find the original source for themselves, which makes your writing more credible.Īs well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to cite any other sources that you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. Whether you quote or paraphrase, you must always include a citation in order to avoid plagiarism. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording.
To refer to a source, you may quote or paraphrase the original text: Every time you draw on ideas, summarize information, mention arguments, or give examples that you found in a source, you need to cite it. Frequently asked questions about citing sourcesĬitations are required in all types of academic texts (such as essays, research papers, and dissertations).
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